By Noah Fine, Stentorian Staff Writer
Research in Science (“RSci”) applications are on the horizon for juniors at NCSSM. What exactly are the RSci programs? Which one is right for you? What will you get out of the student research programs at NCSSM? What other research opportunities are there?
When people talk about RSci, they’re talking about four year-long courses: Research in Chemistry (“RChem”), Research in Biology (“RBio”), Research in Physics (“RPhys”), and Research in Computational Science (“RComp” or “RCompSci”). In addition, NCSSM also hosts Research in Mathematics (“RMath”). What sets these courses apart from other research opportunities?
Research starts during RSci students’ J-Term and continues through the spring semester into the Summer Research and Innovation Program (SRIP), and concludes in the fall semester of senior year. In addition, RChem, RBio, and RPhys (but not RComp) are double-blocked, which means that student researchers will be working on independent research during both F and G blocks. Double-blocking allows students the opportunity to dive into their research questions for twice as much time as in a normal class, in addition to SRIP, which is equivalent to a few months of normal class time. However, this also means that choosing to take an RSci is a large time commitment.
“Why would you want to spend hours and hours on an investigation if you aren’t enjoying it?” asked RPhys instructor Dr. Jonathan Bennett, who will be passing on the RPhys teaching position to Dr. Michael Falvo at the end of 2024.
However, RSci also gives students the opportunity to learn how to adapt when things don’t go their way the first time. “Usually there’s a point where students have had to deal with disappointment,” reflected RChem instructor Dr. Tim Anglin. “But they push through, and there’s always that time they bring me something and they’re like, ‘it worked!’”
Research in Biology (“RBio”)
In RBio, students will learn the ins and outs of research with model organisms. During J-Term RBio students spend between two and four weeks conducting a mini research project, setting a strong foundation for the skills they’ll need during the rest of the year: group work, wet bench techniques, and presenting their work, according to Dr. Kim Monahan, who teaches RBio alongside Dr. Heather Mallory.
After J-Term, RBio students begin to research questions that can be answered by studying a model organism. For example, a previous student researched multiple sclerosis by studying earthworms.
Organism choice is restricted by cost and regulations: E. coli could be a great choice, but A. mississippiensis, the American alligator, would not. Other popular organisms include C. elegans, plants, and embryonic zebrafish. Learning how to work with a student’s selected model organism—and how to adapt when their model organism produces unexpected results—is one of the core focuses of the RBio experience. Popular areas of study include neurodegenerative disease, genetic engineering, and more.
To an outside observer, RBio may feel like one big family of researchers. Dr. Monahan acknowledges that team building is “something me and [Dr.] Mallory work very hard on.” She says that learning how to communicate with peers, teachers, and those from other RSci programs is one of the most valuable experiences for an RBio student. Those science communication skills will come in handy during the spring when RBio students prepare an oral project defense, and in the late fall, when students are encouraged to submit their work to research symposiums and competitions.
Research in Chemistry (“RChem”)
RChem students solve problems using the language of atoms, molecules, and proteins. No prior chemistry lab experience is required, so RChem students spend the first two weeks of J-Term building a foundation of basic laboratory techniques, such as pipetting, as they work on a shared short-term research project. During the spring, students explore possible research questions and plan out experiments in preparation for project defenses in early April. For the remainder of the year, students work to synthesize and test chemical products.
In the past, students have enjoyed exploring environmental chemistry, polymer chemistry, and drug design. However, projects that involve research with primate cell lines or potentially dangerous chemicals may not be feasible. Finding creative ways to address problems while working around these limitations is at the heart of RChem problem-solving. The two RChem classes, taught by Anglin and Dr. Michael Bruno, work separately most days. However, there are always opportunities for collaboration between students, even those outside of RChem. In fact, Anglin says that he particularly enjoys projects that sit at the periphery of chemistry, as they allow him to collaborate with the other RSci programs.
Research in Physics (“RPhys”)
According to Dr. Bennett, each RPhys project is completely unique in terms of both research questions and techniques. Previous research topics include computationally modeling turbulent flow, building miniature ion thrusters, and a variety of quantum computing projects. Since it would be impractical to teach such a wide variety of research techniques, he explained that instruction throughout the year focuses on building the skills necessary to become a competent researcher.
Students focus on dissecting and evaluating scientific papers during J-Term, preparing them to develop a research question and write a proposal during spring semester. RPhys students then run experiments during SRIP and share their research through a poster and research paper in the fall. Students then have the opportunity to present at a professional physics conference and submit their research to symposiums and competitions. Dr. Bennett emphasizes building these skills in the hope that they will empower RPhys students even after leaving NCSSM.
Dr. Bennett highly encouraged applicants for the class of ‘26 to attend the upcoming interest meeting. “Go to that meeting, get the information, ask your question, and listen carefully to the instructors,” he said, and advised applicants to “be you, but do your homework, so you’ll be more informed [about what RPhys has to offer].”
Research In Computational Science (“RComp” or “RCompSci”)
RComp allows students the most freedom of the four RSci programs because any question that can be answered with computational methods is fair game. Past RComp projects have included facial recognition software for horses, automated dating of Egyptian hieroglyphic text, and analysis of fourth-down plays in football games.
RComp is currently taught by Mr. Bob Gotwals, who will be passing on the position to a new faculty member at the end of 2024. Dr. Daniel Egger, a professor from Duke University, is currently undergoing training to teach RComp starting in 2025.
Mr. Gotwals, who has led NCSSM’s Computational Science Department since 2006, warns that Research in Computational Science is not Research in Computer Science. For example, Mr. Gotwals advises students not to come in with the goal of learning Python code, but rather to think of Python code as a tool used to model whatever interests them.
In contrast to the other RSci programs, RComp has no traditional benchwork component. All experiments are run computationally, which means that students conduct research using either their personal computers or the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center’s supercomputer. Also unique among the RSci programs, RComp students have the opportunity to find a mentor in the field they’re researching, who can help them understand their problem from the perspective of a researcher in the field.
Research in Mathematics (“RMath”)
RMath is a single-semester, spring course. An application to RMath during the school year does not come bundled with an application to RMath during SRIP—they are separate classes, taught by different teachers. This means that spring RMath applications are open to both juniors and seniors.
In contrast to RSci programs, where students start by developing their own research questions, RMath students begin their research by choosing a problem from The American Mathematical Monthly (AMM), a prestigious peer-reviewed math journal. Problems from AMM have only been solved once before, by the researchers who originally proposed them. Next, RMath students work in small groups to find a solution and publish their results. Particularly inventive or elegant solutions may even earn publication in a later issue of AMM.
RMath students learn how to format and typeset papers in LaTeX (a software for typesetting documents), present their findings to others, and conduct research in pure mathematics. Popular areas of research include combinatorics, game theory, and advanced calculus, but projects modeling real-life scenarios are not the focus.
“This is RMath, not RAppliedMath,” says Dr. Michael Lavigne, who will teach RMath during SRIP 2025.
Advice & Next Steps For Applying
Now you’re interested in STEM research at NCSSM-Durham. What are the next steps? Attend the Research and Innovation fair and interest meetings, and then reach out to the teachers of the classes you’re interested in! Dr. Monahan says that RSci teachers are “always open if you have a question,” and Dr. Lavigne has free copies of past RMath papers on his door for interested students.
Most applications will ask you to submit some sort of project idea. Don’t take this as something that’s set in stone, instead try your best to think of something that’s realistic and you would enjoy spending a whole year learning about. Seniors who are currently in RSci are a great resource for this. Don’t be scared of applying, especially if you think that your project ideas aren’t good enough for the programs that you’re interested in.
On the other hand, don’t try to change your interests just for an application or to cater to what you think the RSci teachers want. “Students shouldn’t be thinking about how they can serve the class, it’s the other way around,” says Dr. Anglin. Think of ideas that excite you, and RSci will meet you halfway.
Finally, Mr. Gotwals emphasizes that RSci and RMath are amazing opportunities for student research, but that it’s important to remember they’re not the only opportunities. Mentorship, Research/Research Experience in Humanities (“RHum” and “RexHum” respectively), J-Term Courses Research Experience in Chemistry and Research Experience in Biology, and the multitude of SRIP programs offered each year provide opportunities to conduct research in an entirely different way, with the option of freeing up space in your schedule to take more classes that interest you.
Research-intensive classes, labeled with “*R*” in the course catalog, are also an opportunity to learn valuable techniques used by scientists in the field through a significant research project.
If you are willing to accept the challenge, NCSSM has a research opportunity for you.